Introduction
-  About the Functionalist protest
-  Precursors of the Functionalist school: Evolution, Individual Differences, 
    and Animal Psychology

Evolution and Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
-  On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859). 
-  Influence of evolutionary theory on modern psychology.
-  Jean-Baptiste Lemarck
-  People were eager to trade their faith in God for faith in science. 

I.         Darwin’s Life
            A.  As a boy
            B.  As a man
                1.  At Cambridge University
                2.  His naturalistic voyage (on the HMS Beagle).
                3.  Character changes during the trip
                4.  Darwin and the Church
                5.  Alfred Russell Wallace

II.         On the Origin of Species
    A.  Terms
        1.  More than a brief review needed-- needs to be taught in depth
        2.  Variability
        3.  Natural Selection
        4.  Behavioral Selection
    B.  Thomas Henry Huxley
        1.  A “good & kind agent for the propagation of the gospel [of evolution].”
        2.  A new path to salvation
    C.  The Descent of Man

III.         The Finches’ Beak: Unacceptable Evidence
    A.  Peter & Rosemary Grant, studied changes in finches beaks (Galapagos Islands).
    B.  Effects of alternating draught & heavy rain conditions
        1.  In times of draught
        2.  In times of flood
    C.  The Logical Fallacy
        1.  Micro-evolution vs. macro-evolution
        2.  Unsuitable jump in logic
        3.  Observational data cannot yield causal conclusions

IV.        Darwin’s Influence of Psychology  

Individual Differences: Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

I.         Galton’s Life
    A.  Education
    B.  Darwin was Galton’s cousin 

II.         Galton’s Areas of Intellectual Interest
    A.  Mental Inheritance
        1.  Book, Heritable Genius
        2.  Science of Eugenics
    B.  Statistical Methods
        1.  Among the first to use probability theory & statistics
        2.  Galton and the normal curve.
        3.  All human characteristics could be described using two numbers
        4.  His work set the stage for development of Correlational analysis.
    C.  Mental Tests
        1.  Galton originated the concept of “mental test.”
        2.  Quantification of a person’s intelligence
        3.  Galton’s testing procedure
        4.  His data were re-analyzed 100 years
    D.  Summary  

Animal Psychology and the Development of Functionalism

I.         Darwin’s Influence on Animal Psychology
        A.  Descartian distinction b/t animals and humans 
        B.  Darwin’s book, Descent of Man, changed people’s perception of animals
        C.  Darwin wrote another book concerning the continuity of emotional
              expression across species.
            1.  Remnant emotional displays
            2.  EX: sneering
                a.  Post Hoc
                b.   How we feel when we sneer is different from anger.

II.         George John Romanes (1848-1894)
    A.  About Romanes
    B.  His Writings and Methods
        1.  Book, Animal Intelligence—first comparative psych book
        2.  Tried to studied “mental processes” in animals from protozoa to humans
        3.  Anecdotal Method
        4.  Introspection by analogy (the problem of other minds).
        5.  Romanes started the observational stage in comparative science

III.        C. Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936)
    A.  Romanes’ successor
    B.  Law of Parsimony and minimizing anthropomorphism
    C.  Associations of sensory experience vs. reasoning & ideation
    D.  First person to use experimentation (of sorts) to study animal behavior

Summary